The Lumber Room

The text under analysis is written by an outstanding British novelist and short story writer Hector Munro. Hector Hugh Munro was a British writer, whose witty stories satirized Edwardian society and culture. The author’s style of writing is satirical in a humorous way. He uses a witty tone to mimic characters in order to subtly criticize them. The criticism is done in a subtle way that is humorous. The excerpt is homogeneous. The story is narrated in the 3rd person. This allows the reader to access the situation and the characters in an objective manner, because the characters are having both positive and negative viewpoints. The third person point of view is impersonal which fits the impersonal atmosphere of the household. The plot of the story revolves around a little orphan Nicholas who was trusted to his tyrannical and dull-witted aunt. One day Nicholas was â€Å"in disgrace†, so he made his Aunt believe that he was somehow trying to get into the gooseberry garden, but instead had no intention of doing so but did sneak into the Lumber Room. There a tremendous picture of a hunter and a stag opened to him. Soon his aunt tried to look for the boy and slipped into the rain-water tank. She asked Nicholas to fetch her a ladder but the boy pretended not to understand her, he said that she was the Evil One (This metaphor shows author’s irony and essential clue to the character). The plot is ordered chronologically, each episode is given with more and more emphasis. The author’s choice of vocabulary and stylistic devices in this story emphasize a deep dissension between generations, to convey a thrilling power of child’s creative mind. The author uses a large variety of stylistic devices, such as epithets to show us the great difference between the Child’s and Grown-up’s world. Such epithets from Child’s world (grim chuckle, alleged frog, unknown land, stale delight, mere material pleasure, bare and cheerless, thickly growing vegetation) and the one from Grown-up’s world (frivolous ground, considerable obstinacy, trivial gardening operation, unauthorized intrusion) help the author to emphasize all the beauty of the childhood’s mind and the commonness of the adult’s mind. The text can be divided into several parts according to the change of the general slant: 1. The exposition, in which we learn about little Nicholas, his cousins and his strict aunt. Nicholas got into his aunt’s disgrace. So his cousins were to be taken to Jagborough sands that afternoon and he was to stay at home. The Aunt was absolutely sure that the boy was determined to get into the gooseberry garden because â€Å"I have told him he is not to†. The author uses irony and witty tone throughout the story. For example, Aunt's condescending tone in describing Nicholas’ prank: disgrace, sin, fell from grace. The author is obviously using the Aunt’s own word choice to reveal her self-righteous attitude. This is a subtle criticism of her arrogance which she is blind to. To lay stress on the Aunt’s narrow-mindness Munro uses such metaphors as â€Å"a circus of unrivalled merit† and â€Å"uncounted elephants† 2. The complication, when Nicholas got into an unknown land of lumber-room. Forbidden fruit is sweet and truly the lumber-room is described as a storehouse of unimagined treasure. Every single item brings life and imagination to Nicholas and is symbolic of what the adult of real world lacks. He often pictured to himself what the lumber-room was like, since that was the region that was so carefully sealed from youthful eyes. The tapestry brings to life imagination and fantasy within Nicholas, the interesting pots and candlesticks bring an aesthetic quality, visual beauty which stirs up his creative mind; and lastly a large square book full of coloured pictures of birds. And such birds! They allow Nicholas to learn in a fun and exciting way. The author uses irony to poke fun and criticize the Aunt. For instance, trip to Jagborough which is meant to spite Nicholas fails. Instead of being a punishment for the child, it became a treat for him whereas it became a torture to those who went. The Aunt’s conception of â€Å"the paradise†. The real paradise is the Lumber-room not the garden. This reveals the irony that the ideal world of an adult is dull and boring to that of a child. 3. The climax of the text. While the boy was admiring the colouring of a mandarin duck, the voice of his aunt came from the gooseberry garden. She got slipped into the rain-water tank and couldn’t go out. She demanded from the boy to bring her a ladder, but he said her voice didn’t sound like his aunt’s. â€Å"You may be the Evil One tempting me to be disobedient† – said a little boy desiding the Justice must be done. The Aunt tasted the fruit of her own punishment on the children. She is accused of falling from grace, of lying to Nicholas about jam and thus termed the Evil One. She feels what it is like to be condemned. 4. The denouncement. The Aunt is furious and enforces in the house. She maintained the frozen muteness of one who has suffered undignified and unmerited detention in a rain-water tank for thirty-five minutes. Nicholas was also silent, in the absorption of an enchanting picture of a hunter and a stag.

Causes And Effects Of Deforestation In Myanmar Environmental Sciences Essay

Harmonizing to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations U.N.FAO, there are about 31,773,000 hour angle hectares or 48.3 of woods in Myanmar. An norm of 372,250 hour angle or 0.95 % of wood have been lost yearly between 1990 and 2010. The organisation states that within the period of 20 old ages ( 1990-2010 ) , around 7,445,000 hour angle or 19.0 % of the entire wood has been cleared in Myanmar. Myanmar is one of the top 10 states that are go oning highest deforestation rate in the universe, and its rank is seven. The Rangoon-based Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association ( BANCA ) alerts that Myanmar is run intoing a deforestation crisis because of natural catastrophes ( hurricanes, inundations, drouth and fires ) , human activities ( logging, slash-and-burn agribusiness, cutting trees for fuel, mining operations, dike edifice, uncluttering land for farm animal graze and oil extraction ) and overpopulation. If deforestation can non be controlled by authorities, the consequence could be really black. It has negative impacts on environmental debasement and direct biodiversity loss. Exporting lumber and human population are the chief causes of deforestation in Myanmar. The Global Witness Non-Governmental Organization ( NGO ) manipulated that Myanmar shipped at least one million three-dimensional metres of lumber into China in 2002. Between 2010 and 2011, authorities exported 864,000 metric dozenss of lumber and got US $ 600 million from it. Furthermore, harmonizing to the UN FAO study that Burma ‘s rural populations of around 70 % or at least 30 million rely on woods for their basic demands in 2009. Government and people do non aware if they cut a batch of trees for their net incomes ; it will impact on ecosystem and go on a batch of natural catastrophe in Myanmar. The intent of this paper is to demo causes and effects of deforestation in Myanmar. In peculiar, the impact of clime alterations is really serious job in Myanmar due to deforestation. This paper will discourse the programs of authorities to work out these jobs, and it will besides supply some possible suggestions to protect the woods.1.0 CausesThe significance of deforestation is cutting, uncluttering and taking of trees for assorted grounds such as logging, slashing-and-burning agribusiness, uncluttering land for farm animal, constructing dike. Sometimes, natural catastrophes can highly destruct woods. For case, Cyclone Nargis destroyed a batch of trees in Myanmar on 2 and 3 May 2008. Myanmar is developing state, so the authorities and people are highly depend on woods. They cut down a batch of trees for assorted grounds, but the chief point is for short-run economic benefits ( Putatunda, 2011 ) . Deforestation can be caused non merely human activities, but besides natural catastrophes. In Myanmar, authorities exports a batch of natural resources to other states, but they got more money by exporting lumber. Harmonizing to the parliamentary Natural Resources and Environment Conservation Committee, Myanmar exports a batch of teaks by legal or illegal. The London-based Environment Investigation Agency claims that Myanmar exported 1.6 million tones of teak per yearly to neighbouring states such as India, China, Bangladesh, Thailand and Malaysia. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.itto.int/files/user/mis/mis % 20charts % 20homepage/snap20111201.gif The bureau states Myanmar got $ 5.7 billion by exporting 18 million three-dimensional metres of wood log between 2000 and 2010. Harmonizing to statistics, Myanmar has more than 16.32 million hectares of wood, and the country of teak is 24,300 hectares while the country of hardwood is 324,000 hectares. In Myanmar about 1.98 million three-dimensional metres of hardwood and 283,000 three-dimensional metres of teak are used in Myanmar per one-year. As a consequence, cutting a batch of trees for exporting is endangering Myanmar woods. Overpopulation affect on woods because they destroy a batch of trees for their net income. In Myanmar, the population is increased about one million yearly. The population Myanmar is 54,584,650 in 2012.According to UNFAO, 70 per centum of the Myanmar people live in rural country, and they rely on woods for their basic demands and nutriment and income. Similar to Indonesia, people who get less than US $ 1 cut trees to acquire a few income for short-run ( Stolle, 2008 ) . Deforestation can be caused by non merely semisynthetic, but besides natural catastrophes. In Myanmar, forest fire is one of the chief jobs to destruct woods. Union of burma lost up to 10 dozenss of forest fuel because of forest fire. As a consequence, every 30 to 70 dozenss of top wood dirt are destroyed in Myanmar. Myanmar is confronting natural catastrophes such as cyclones, landslides, temblors, tsunami, fire and drouth. They are besides existent menaces to Myanmar ‘s environment.EffectssBurning trees and uncluttering forest highly affect on environment. A batch of nursery gases including C dioxide are emitted from deforestation. Hence, the temperature of planetary is lifting, so climate alterations and dirt eroding go on in Myanmar.2.1 Climate ChangesA batch of natural catastrophes are endangering Myanmar ‘s forest such as cyclones, temblors and inundations ( Moe, 2009 ) . Cyclone Nargis destroyed trees and support of people more than temblor and inundations. Cyclone Nargis was the top deadliest and most acerb tropical cyclones to of all time strike Myanma r ( The New York Time, 2012 ) . The cyclone notably affected a sum of 37 townships. The UN predicts more than 2.4 million people were affected by Cyclone. Harmonizing to official figures, 53,800 were losing, and 84,500 people were killed. It besides destroyed a million estates of rice Paddies, trees and killed three-quarterss of the farm animal with its saltwater rushs.2.2 Soil eroding and dirt birthrate lossIn Myanmar, dirt eroding is one of the most serious jobs, and authorities can non be controlled until now, so the agricultural merchandises of Myanmar are falling. The birthrate of the dirt will cut down if the surface dirt is eroded, and it can turn agricultural land into desert land. To forestall dirt eroding, Myanmar should continue woods and grasslands. If soil eroding can non be preserved, it will take to deluging. Weather and agricultural experts argue that they get 4 inches of rain from the inundation countries, but deluging jobs ne'er go on with this sum of rainfall in t he yesteryear. Not merely alimentary depletion but besides ecological, societal and economic job can be happened because of dirt eroding.SolutionsA batch of natural catastrophes are endangering people in Myanmar. Most catastrophes are caused by deforestation. So, the authorities are seeking to cut down deforestation. They have three programs for that. First of all, they will wholly censor exporting lumber to other states in 2014 ( William Boot, 2012 ) . However, it is hard to halt illegal logging and exporting to China. The ground is China ‘s boundary line is really close with northern portion of Myanmar. Most hapless autochthonal people are trusting on wood for their basic demand. Although the authorities does non let to cut trees, they may make go on, but their strategic is a few positive effects on halting illegal logging and exporting to non merely China but besides other states. The 2nd is re-afforestation. Every June or July, the authorities order to works trees in the w hole state. Furthermore, the authorities has dictated its citizen between the ages of 11 and 60 must works five trees per yearly in China. The authorities references that the consequence of their plan is they have been planted at least one billion trees since 1982. Although the authorities of China ‘s program win, in Myanmar, their programme failed since after seting trees, cipher attention about them. In the people ‘s head, their duty is merely seting trees. The last scheme is coaction with UN organisation. It established The National Commission for Environment Affairs ( NCEA ) which purpose is to back up the environmental protection and cut down the environmental debasement. The authorities expects this coaction can forestall deforestation in Myanmar. The best solution is giving occupation to hapless people. If they have adequate money for their basic demand, they will non destruct the woods. They will non care how many catastrophes happen and the authorities announces the regulations because money is more of import than retaining the environment for them. Furthermore, recycling and recycling points are besides the best solution. For illustration, industries are utilizing a batch of bamboo to bring forth paper. If people and pupils reuse the recycling paper, they may cut down utilizing bamboo. These solutions may worsen deforestation in Myanmar.DecisionIn decision, Myanmar was covered a batch of woods in the past, but today, the coverage of woods decreased significanly in Myanmar. Exporting teaks and overpopulation are the chief causes to be confronting deforestation in Myanmar. Myanmar is hapless state, so authorities budget depend on exporting teaks to other states. About 283,000 three-dimensional metres of teak and 1,98 0,000 three-dimensional metres of hardwood are used for exporting in Myanmar per twelvemonth. Increasing population is besides the chief job. Approxima tely one million people are incresing per yearly. Most of them are hapless, so they rely on woods for their basic demands. The consequence of destructing woods is breathing a batch of nursery gases. As a consequence the temperature is lifting, and it affects on clime and dirt of Myanmar. By altering clime, a batch of natural catastrophes are go oning in Myanmar such as Cyclone Nargis, temblors, inundations and drouth. Cyclone Nargis destroyed a batch of trees and affected more than 2.4 million people, and it was nightmare for people. Myanmar has no many good topographic point for agribusiness due to deforestation. Government tried to work out deforestation, but it did non impact on the job. Reducing unemployments and recycling points may forestall destructing the woods. If the authorities can non command deforestaionthe, a batch of utmost natural catastrophes will happen in Myanmar. If there is no adequate trees, the temperature will be higher and higher, and the decease rate of peo ple will aggressively increase in hot season. Health jobs and economic system jobs will besides go on. It is believe that if there is no trees, animate beings can non last. If there is no animate beings, all people can non besides survive. By keeping the environment, the universe will be beautiful.

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Process Overview

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Process Overview Modulation is the process of modifying the characteristic of one signal in accordance with some characteristic of another signal. In most cases, the information signal, be it voice, video, binary data, or some other information, is normally used to modify a higher-frequency signal known as the carrier. The information signal is usually called the modulating signal, and the higher-frequency signal which is being modulated is called the carrier or modulated wave. The carrier is usually a sine wave, while the information signal can be of any shape, permitting both analog and digital signals to be transmitted. In most cases, the carrier frequency is considerably higher than the highest information frequency to be transmitted. 4.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) Amplitude modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal (information). The carrier frequency remains constant durin g the modulation process but that its amplitude varies in accordance with the modulating signal. An increase in the modulating signal amplitude causes the amplitude of the carrier to increase. Both the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave vary with the modulating signal. An increase or decrease in the amplitude of the modulating signal causes a corresponding increase or decrease in both the positive and negative peaks of the carrier amplitude. If you interconnect the positive and negative peaks of the carrier waveform with an imaginary line, then you re-create the exact shape of the modulating information signal. This imaginary line on the carrier waveform is known as the envelope, and it is the same as the modulating signal. Amplitude modulation that results in two sidebands and a carrier is often called double sideband amplitude modulation (DSB-AM). In its basic form, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in two adja cent sidebands. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a mirror image of the other. Amplitude modulation is inefficient in terms of power usage and much of it is wasted. At least two-thirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier signal, which carries no useful information; the remaining power is split between two identical sidebands, though only one of these is needed since they contain identical information. 4.2.1 Mathematical Representation of AM Suppose we wish to modulate a simple sine wave on a carrier wave. The equation for the carrier wave of frequency fc, taking its phase to be a reference phase of zero, is The equation for the simple sine wave of frequency fm (the signal we wish to broadcast) is Amplitude modulation is performed simply by adding vm(t) to Vc. The amplitude-modulated signal is then The formula for vam(t) above may be written The broadcast signal consists of the carrier wave plus two sinusoidal waves each with a freque ncy slightly different from fc, known as sidebands. For the sinusoidal signals used here, these are at fc + fm and fc − fm. As long as the broadcast (carrier wave) frequencies are sufficiently spaced out so that these side bands do not overlap, stations will not interfere with one another.

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Human Resource Management - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  in the modern business setting, there is a lot of competition among organisations that are all seeking to employ high flyers. These are workers who have already attained considerable success in a relatively short time span. Employers are no longer merely interested in dealing with average workers; but are seeking to ensure that their organisations make strategic investment in acquiring the most qualified human capital. The perception of workers has also changed.This research study declares that  unlike the past, the majority of workers no longer wish to merely get a monthly pay check. Employees today are readily prepared to migrate among organisations seeking for the best environment which caters to their multifaceted needs. For younger employees, in particular, money is a secondary factor when seeking for a job. Organisations can capitalise on the trend of high flyers seeking for the best potential employers by using talent management initiative s to draw them. Talent Management usually includes different integrated corporate HR processes which are created to develop, retain and motivate their productive employees. The main objective of talent management initiatives involves creating a culture that meets operational as well as strategic objectives.  In organisations, executives have the responsibility of ensuring that the necessary human resource strategies are used to make sure that high-flyers are strategically deployed.

An Examination of the Varieties of Capitalism and its Application in Essay

An Examination of the Varieties of Capitalism and its Application in USA, Sweden and Germany - Essay Example â€Å"Where social democracy is strong, the public firm was unstable and weak, and unable to dominate without difficulty; where social democracy is weak, ownership diffusion of the large firms could reign if other economic and institutional conditions prevailed...† (Roe, [Political] 21) In this definition, Roe seem to identify that nations that have strong traditions of social democracy like Germany have inefficiencies in their public institutions and structures. This include bureaucracy and some elements of inefficiency which plagues nations with strong public sector issues. However, in traditional capitalist states, dominant economic institutions and powerful corporate entities emerge to fill the gap and determine the distribution of wealth in the economy. Roe goes on to illustrate this point by examining the American model of capitalism into detail (Capital para1). He begins by recognizing that America differs from all socialist states because there is less intervention by the government. This leaves a strong vacuum for some kind of a 'moderator' to determine the distribution of income in the economy. Roe (Capital para 3) identifies that the American economy is strongly influenced by corporate entities. He goes on to state that America's laws put more power in the hands of the managers and directors of these corporate entities. This means that shareholders do not have a strong reason to push for capital oriented decisions that will solely be in the interest of their stocks and investments. This means that the people charged with governance are the actual controllers of power in America. The state's intervention is weak whilst the shareholders, who have the true capitalist interest are also kept in check by corporate governance laws which favor the managers and directors. Employees do not have much rights because these managers can hire and fire. Elsewhere in Northern Europe and Central Europe, the strength of the state is boosted because many state in stitutions act as moderators in the corporate world (Soskice 51). This means that the state has some kind of power to intervene in the distribution of wealth. Secondly, the states in these European nations have established strong negotiation systems that ensure that stakeholders like workers and shareholders negotiate to come to a consensus. This is very pronounced in Sweden. It is also quite dominant in Germany. However, what is common to all these capitalist systems is that there is debate and consensus building in all these jurisdictions. The parties involved in these debates determine the differences. On a further analysis of the American system, Roe (Capital 75) states that â€Å"for capital markets to function, political institutions must support capitalism in general and capitalism of financial markets in particular†. This means that the state must moderate in the various debates and interests of the capital markets and some elements of the society. He states that poli tical economy shapes the capital markets by economic, political and legal institutions. This creates a mechanism where the corporate entities shape policy and policy shapes the corporate entities. In a practical analysis of what happens in America, Roe (Political 104) states that capitalism in America is made up of interest groups that converge in the form of corporate entities. Thus, the Republicans and Democrats make promises based on what

Country (China) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Country (China) - Research Paper Example As a function of seeking to understand and find the current economic situation that China faces today, the following analysis will not only provide a brief historical glimpse into the determinant factors which it helps to define China within the way it can currently be understood, the analysis will also be contingent upon discussing the outlook and ramifications of economic policies that are currently engaged within the People’s Republic of China. Through such a unit of analysis, it is the hope of this author that the reader will gain a more informed understanding with respect to the determinants of Chinese economic policy as well as the threats and potential weaknesses that the nation faces within the immediate and distant future. Firstly, in seeking to answer the question of whether or not the People’s Republic of China can be considered as a triad nation, the reader must understand that triad nations are defined as those nations that only represent 8% of the world's total population – but account for 50% of its gross domestic product. Due to the fact that the Chinese population is currently in excess of 1.3 6 billion individuals, it cannot be assumed or understood that China is in any way indicative of a triad nation. Whereas it is true that the GDP of China is massive, the population differential that is thus far been discussed ultimately convinces the reader that China cannot be considered as such. Currently, China exhibits an unbelievably low unemployment rate of around 4.1%. Before discussing or analyzing this statistic to a further degree, it must be understood and appreciated that many of the statistics that come out the People’s Republic of China are ultimately suspect. Without casting further aspersions upon the way in which the People’s Republic of China is administered, it must be understood that the Communist Party is ultimately the sole power that directs the fiscal and economic policy within the People’s Republic of China. As such, the level and extent to which this entity can be relied upon for verifiable truth and reasonable statistics may well be quite limited. However, notwithstanding this fact, the rate of unemployment that is exhibited within the People’s Republic of China is astoundingly low. By means of comparison, the gross domestic product of the People’s Republic of China is currently in excess of $8.20 trillion dollars. Somewhat surprisingly, the GDP per capita, measured within the same 2012 time period, only stands at $6090. As can relatively be noted, the GDP per capita as compared to the total gross domestic product of the entire nation is quite low; blending a level of understanding with regards to why she labor is so abundantly available within China and helping the reader to come to an understanding of why the People’s Republic of China continues to the a producer of so many consumer goods that require simple and complex levels of application. Many economists and businessmen alike have termed China’s rapid growth as an economic miracle. Part of the reason for this is the fact that the GDP growth rate between the period of 1990 and 2010 averaged approximately 12%. Although the GDP growth rate currently stands at a lower level due to the 2007/2008 economic slowdown,

The Theories of Financial Intermediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Theories of Financial Intermediation - Essay Example A lot of these imperfections direct towards specific kinds of transaction costs. These asymmetries can produce unfavourable selection, they can be temporary, generate moral exposure, and they can result a costly verification and enforcement. As proven on different studies, financial intermediaries come out to at least partially surmount these costs. Based on the interpretation of Leland and Pyle (32); financial intermediation act as an alliance of information-sharing, and intermediary coalitions as argued by Diamond (51) can attain economies of scale. He also projected that financial intermediaries can effectively monitor returns by acting on behalf of ultimate savers. Hart (1995) explained that savers optimistically value the intermediations in terms of ultimate investments. According to Campbell and Kracaw (863-882) financial intermediations can create a useful incentive result of short-term debt on banker's behalf. The deposit funding can turn out the right incentives in managing the bank. A subtle financial organization necessary to control the bank managers produced illiquid assets (Diamond 393; Miller 21). In instances where the borrower in the bank chose direct finance; the role of a brokerage is in acted by financial intermediaries as explained by Fama (39-58) as investment banks. On this situation, reputation is at risk and according to Campbell and Kracaw (885) in financing, the financier's reputation as well as the borrower's is relevant. Second Principle: The Transaction Costs Approach This approach agrees with the concept of complete markets unlike the initial approach specified. It agrees that transaction process is of no convexities. In this approach, the financial intermediaries using economies of scale in the transaction process work in coalitions with borrowers. Many experts explained that the concept of transaction costs comprises not only monetary transaction costs, but at the same time covers auditing, searches and monitoring costs. Therefore, the function of the financial intermediaries is to transform specific financial claims into a so-called qualitative asset in this example. It is called offering diversified opportunities through liquidity as Ross (23-40) stated. The provision of liquidity is a main function for investors and savers and highly for corporate customers, in which the provision of diversification is welcomed in institutional as well as personal financing. Oldfield and Santomero (WP #95) in their submitted work paper stipulated that this l iquidity plays a key role in asset pricing theory. Financial intermediation then becomes exogenous with transaction costs. Third Principle: Principle in accordance to the regulation of money production Regulation affects solvency and liquidity inside the financial market or organization. Diamond (414) argued that the capital of the bank affects its refinancing ability, bank safety, and ability to extract repayment from the borrowers. Regulation as viewed on the basis of legality convenes as a vital factor in financial economy. However, the actions of the

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example gained much coverage in the media these days and various supporting and contradicting views about the implementation of this theory in the business are arising. Economists do not deny the existence of corporate social responsibility, but different economists define the responsibility differently. Some economists like Miltion Frideman criticize the idea saying that business is most responsible when it makes profit efficiently not when it misapplies its energy on social projects. (Frideman, 1970). On the other hand, Ralph Nader, defined responsibilities as inclusive of measures necessary to safeguard the interests of society. â€Å"It is hard to imagine the rise of the modern consumer movement without the leadership, resourcefulness, and sheer persistence of Ralph Nader†. (Bollier, 2010). In this paper, I am going to write about the impact of incorporating the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) into a corporation’s business and working system. The potential benefits of achieving the CSR through business ethics will be weighed against the financial losses incurred by the corporation and its share holders in way of fulfilling the CSR to evaluate the eligibility of CSR to be adopted in a corporation’s business. The business ethic theory requires corporations to consider it their ethical responsibility to greatly look after the wellbeing of their employees, stakeholders and the society besides focusing on making profits. According to (Agalgatti and Krishna, 2007), there are basically two theories namely the Teleological theory which analyses the results to judge if an action was right or wrong, and the Deontological theory, which classifies duty as a moral category that is not influenced by results. They also noted that the discussion on business ethics is conducted on either or both of them. Basically the business ethic theory necessitates the consideration of social benefits beside making money. On the other hand, (Leave this line as it is

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Case Study Example The case study clearly says that several interview board members stared at her including the Mr. Clark. In other words, the sexual harassment case of Jami started from the interview itself. The fact that someone is staring sexually at her in an obvious nature, especially in an interview like process, should have been promptly addressed. We can argue that Jami could have avoided that job since she felt some irregularities in the behaviors of the board. However, she failed to do so because of her essentialities of a job. Mr. Clark tried to exploit Jami sexually and for that purpose he has made of promises to her. Mr. Clark’s invitation of Jami for a weekend celebration was sexually motivated. His words and actions clearly show that he was trying to exploit her sexually. This is also evidenced when her boss takes her to the lake and calls her â€Å"my girl,† intending the term as a sexual reference. Moreover, he kissed her even though she resisted initially. Upon further examination of the events that took place in the weekend, it is crystal clear that Mr. Clark was trying to exploit her. According to the Employment Law in Georgia, Direct sexual conduct--an employer makes sexual advances or statements, "Quid pro quo" - job-related benefits are offered in exchange for sexual conduct, Hostile work environment--an employer maintains an overly sexual work environment etc are prohibited under the sexual harassment law in Georgia (Employment Law in Georgia). Under the Federal sex harassment law also Quid Pro Quo harassment (An employee is required to tolerate sexual harassment in order to obtain or keep a job, job benefit, raise, or promotion) is prohibited. Sexual harassment in the form of verbal, physical, or both are strictly prohibited by the federal laws (Larson- Sexual Harassment Law). In short, Mr. Clark committed serious crimes as an employer according to the state and federal laws with respect to sexual harassment

The Influence of Film and Fashion and the Impact on Cultural Essay

The Influence of Film and Fashion and the Impact on Cultural Traditions of Behavior - Essay Example The paper "The influence of film on fashion" explores film influenced on the fashion. The film industry has also used this as a tool to create messages with the intent of changing and challenging cultural trends. In looking at the way in which fashion and behavior has been influenced by film, it is clear that the film industry has had a monumental impact on the way in which the event of going to the movies has a broader influence than merely the entertainment value that is offered. The existence of fashion in film is a form of communication that lends to the overall intent of each scene. According to Munich, the fashion in film gives further meaning to the communication that is intended by the look that has been created to enhance the overall design and look. Fashion and costuming becomes a part of the set design, the color of the walls being in balance with the color of the dress, the forms and structures of each element of the scene, including the clothing that the actors wear, a c arefully constructed ‘painting’ that gives to each scene the depth that will provide the messages that the meaning intends to convey. The look is a part of the overall communication, tying the fashion to cultural meanings and emphasizing new ways of viewing when done well. The meanings behind fashion have often been in creating a sense of social class, but through film these meanings become conveyed to all classes. According to what Munich has written, â€Å"Film offers fashion to the masses and is an avenue to its democratization†. ... A bottle of Coca Cola is a classic example of how the consumer culture is equalized through transactions. A bottle Coca Cola is worth the same amount of money to someone who is poor as it is to someone who is wealthy. No one pays more or less for a better or worse bottle of the product (Pendergrast 15). In this same vein of thought, Munich has suggested that fashion has been equalized through the same process as fashion becomes accessible for cloning to those in lower class levels as well as higher class levels (5). The visual opportunity to see styles and concepts allows for fashion to infiltrate sectors of the society that would not have had this opportunity in other time periods where accessibility was as easily attained. In designing clothing for the public, a designer must not only have a sense of how the evolution of the history of fashion has transpired, but must have a sense of what is important within the culture so that the clothing continues that communication. Film influe nces the direction that cultural thought processes are developed, and how the dress of a film has been developed in order to understand those thought processes further can be transferred as a part of the communication and message. An example of this type of influence can be seen through the film Annie Hall directed by Woody Allen. In the film, the lead character Annie Hall, played by Dianne Keaton, wears a specific wardrobe that has a masculinized representation. The wardrobe includes menswear in the form of hats, ties, and menswear style fabrics. The look was casual, oversized, and detailed with feminine pieces to give a sophisticated, cross gender look. After the release of the film, the look as it was created by

Where I Will Be in 10 Years Essay Example for Free

Where I Will Be in 10 Years Essay Ten years from now, I see myself settled down in my career, married to the man of my dreams, and having four kids†¦.. not! These are things an average girl might say. As you get to know me, you will see that I am far from average. My name is Amyaa Brown, I am 24 years old. I am a full time mom, full time student, and I work part time. I currently attend Texas Southern University majoring in Aviation Science Management. I have set many goals for myself and plan to achieve them one by one. My goals don’t stop at becoming an aviator. In addition to flying B-2s for the Air National Guard, I also want to fly for the airlines, own an airline, start my own business building aircraft for the military, and most importantly be the best single parent mother I can be. When I think about ten years from now, I look back ten years ago. I have grown so much, learned even more, and accomplished many things. It is only logical that I will continue to grow, learn, and accomplish more things in the next ten years. My first big step is completing school as well as finishing my private pilot license, instrument license, and multi-engine license. Everyone wants to be an aviator but not everyone achieves that goal. The competition is tough and because I am a double minority, i. e. African American female, I am forced to work harder than the average person. Currently I am a member of the Civil Air Patrol, Bronze Eagle Flying club, and Women in Aviation. Each membership provides me with numerous opportunities to network and get myself known. The aviation industry is more about who you know rather than what you know. I am also working on my private pilot licenses; this will set me apart from most people pursuing a military career in aviation. My next step is graduating with a degree in Aviation Science Management. In order for someone to even consider giving me a pilot slot, I have to have a degree. After graduation, it will be time for me to join the Air National Guard. The primary purpose of the Air National Guard is to fly cargo airplanes and gain my ATP ratings necessary for me to enter into the airlines. Once I have completed my training in Cargo aircraft, I plan to also be flying for the airlines and going for my master’s in business. Because I will be flying cargo aircraft and working for the airlines, I will have reached the requirements to fly B-2s and plan to be there shortly after. When I am all â€Å"flied out†, I will begin to settle down, consider marriage and more kids and begin work on my business plans in terms of my airline and military aircraft construction. My number one goal above everything is to raise my daughter to be the best person that she could possibly be. I constantly read about parenting. Being a young single parent is unbearable sometimes, but it’s important that I give her the tools she needs to succeed. I do so by making sure she is on top of her class. Every night she is studying something whether she has homework or not and I make that learning experience fun. Her dream is to one day become an aviator, so I drag her out to all of the aviation events. Ten years from her dream will become reality. In ten years from now, I will be exactly where I strived to be with everything I strived to get. All because I had a plan for my future, I came, I saw, and I will conquer.

The Study On Nokia S Utilizing Of Communications Mix Marketing Essay

The Study On Nokia S Utilizing Of Communications Mix Marketing Essay 1 Introduction When it comes to modern international marketing, it is not just confined in developing a good product, pricing it attractively, and making it available to target customers. Firms need also communicate with current and potential customers. For most companies, the question is not whether to communicate, but how much to spend and in what ways. This is what the communications mix is good at. Communications mix is comprised of sales promotion, personal selling, public relations, advertising, and direct marketing tools which the firm uses to fulfill its marketing objectives and strategy. Here the theory of communications mix is primarily analyzed related with the case of Nokias. The international company Nokia takes full advantage of the theory of communications mix to fulfill its strategic goal. Under the guidance of the theory of communications mix, the concrete marketing measures or activities taken by Nokia are analyzed. It mainly includes: how Nokia makes full use of advertising, publ ic relation, promotion and direct marketing in its international marketing, cultural influences on the communication, and the recommendations, etc. 2 Communication Mix Marketing, as a concept with specific meaning, has come into being for about one hundred years. Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products of value with others (Kotler, 1967). It is a definition grounded upon human needs and wants, which are satisfied through products or services. When marketing crosses borders, it is called international marketing. There are literally dozens of marketing methods, for instance, customer segmentation, product/service offering, market research activity or part of their communication mix. Communication mix is emphatically discussed hereinafter. The communication is comprised of direct marketing, advertising, personal selling, promotion and public relations. Communication mix is mainly used to promote the new products. It is an effective method to attract consumers and increase the selling (Gatignon, 1993). 3 The Background of Nokia In 1865 when Nokia was established in southwestern Finland, it was a little company. At that time, Nokias business covered mainly following sectors, such as televisions, personal computers, shoes, electricity production, communications cables, capacitors, paper products, etc. In the 1960s, the electronics section of the cable division was founded and it witnessed a modern Nokia. In 1967, this section was divided from into its former division and became independently, and started to produce telecommunications equipments. In this period, Nokia got itself more involved in the telecommunications industry and began to develop its network equipment products. In 1992, Nokia changed its name and began to use the name of Nokia Telecommunications, which is todays name. Since 2000, Nokia has begun to expand its business and cooperation with other companies. In 2006, Nokia and Siemens made an unprecedented cooperation in the fixed line and mobile phone network equipment businesses and built one of the largest network companies all over the world. The two companies jointly held a fifty percent stake in this infrastructure firm and built Nokia Siemens Networks. About 20, 000 Nokia employees had been transferred to this new company. Nokia is the leading mobile phone manufacture around the world. Its logo Technology Connecting People has been deeply rooted in customers mind. Nokia House was constructed between 1995 and 1997. Nowadays, there have been more than 1000 Nokia employees in its company. At the same time, Nokia is a customer oriented company. There has been a continuous and progressive increase contact in technology and communications all over the world. Nokias strategy is to build trusted consumer relationships by offering compelling and valued consumer solutions that combine beautiful devices with context enriched services. And, Nokia promises to connect people in a better and new way. 4 The Communication Mix of Nokia 4.1 Advertising It is any paid form of no personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. It is a widely-used means of publicity. The major media types for advertising are: newspapers, television, magazines, radio, internet and so on (Rao, 1993). Advertisements help to draw the publics attention and make people aware of this product. As a result, it undoubtedly could promote a companys sales. However, it is also kind of double-edged sword as advertisements can be very money-consuming. What is more, advertisements may mislead consumers if they are not properly designed or contain any exaggerated information. Therefore, when a firm chooses advertisements as it means for promotion, it must be very careful to select a advertising company and be clear the messages and the image that it wants to convey to it current and perspective customers. Technology Connecting People is Nokias distinguished brand concept. Through TV advertisements, magazine advertisements and leaflets; the concept has been deeply rooted in consumers mind. Except some traditional promotion ways, Nokia adopts some new ways to announce its new products. When selling classical mobile phone Nokia 8810, Nokia sold the products on Internet and became the first firm adopting interactive advertisement in Asia. Nokia held celebrity salon with the theme the upper life to push its new product Nokia 8800 in 2006. Its target consumer was the top end consumer who paid attention to life quality and adored elegant product design. 4.2 Public Relations Public relations mean establishing good relations with the publics by earning a good reputation, shaping a favorable image and dealing with the companys rumors and events (Doyle, 1994). It mainly contains keeping good relations with the firms different social groups by getting favorable publicity and setting up a healthy and good corporate image in public and at the same time, tackling or heading off stories, rumors, and events which damage its reputation. As a result, consumers get a good impression with this kind of firms and, therefore trust and purchase products manufactured by them. From the perspective of enterprises social obligations, especially in modern times, companies can be condemned and eventually be abandoned by consumers if they fail to perform their social responsibilities. Therefore, today, it is not whether firms should build good relations with the public, but how to construct it in a better and more impressive way. In order to develop public relationship promotion, Nokia tries best to be all excellent enterprise citizen in China and makes its effort to sponsor the development of the society, sports and education through series of innovation activities. The first series of activities are donations. In 1998, it donated RMBl0 million to the districts suffered from flood in China. From 2000 to 2001, N0kia launched the planting trees activities in China with its cooperators. Up to now, Nokia still takes these activities as all important components of its marketing methods. The second series of public activities ale gym support activities. By gym support activities, Nokia builds a stylish, leading, and creative brand among the young generation. In 1995, Nokia sponsored Beijing international tennis match. In 1997, Nokia sponsored the No8 national chess match. In 2000, it donated mobile phones to sports meeting for the disable. In 2001, Nokia sponsored No 21 national university match. In 2005, it supported China international diving match. In 2006, it supported NBA China Jam Van and Basketball without Borders activities. The third series are education activities. From 1999 to 2000, Nokia held series of activities in theme of innovation is the source of wisdom to promote teenagers innovation abilities. In 2000, it organized Nokia 2000, flew ideas match with the theme of advancing to future in Beijing University. In recent years, Nokia paid more attention to develop the campus marketing. In order to ease the university enter exam pressure, Nokia held campus activities named communication crates happiness. By humors pictures and creative attempts, these activities added fun to campus life, also set up a good brand image among the campus. 4.3 Promotion Promotion refers to activities or performances taken by companies in a short term to stimulate the purchase or sale of the product or service using varieties of formats such as premiums, coupons, contests, etc (Brick, 1982). Through a serial of activities or performances, it can promote people to purchase more. And sales promotion is targeted at final buyers, wholesalers and retailers, other business customers and members of the sales force (Schall, 1983). It can be effective especially for introducing new products or services. In order to announce its new product, Nokia cooperated with the famous star Wang Lihong and pushed its new product Nokia 3230 to the youth. Nokia 3230 was a music smart phone, which embodies the demands of the youth at that time. In December 2006, Nokia cooperated with Hunan TV Station, and held a concert named Music let me feel happy to push its middle end products. In July 2007, Nokia held a concert named Nokias stylish trend night to announce its new product Nokia 7500 prism, which was the unique design for Chinese market that month. 4.4 Direct Marketing It refers to direct contacts with carefully targeted individual customers in order to acquire a reply in time as well as cultivate permanent consumer relationship, for example, using telephone, mail, fax, e-mail, the Internet, and other tools to communicate directly with specific consumers. Direct marketing is very useful helps companies obtain the first hand information directly from consumers. And companies can give an immediate reply to their customers if there are any questions. Through this way, customers obtain a sense of being respected and cared by firms and, therefore, consumers can be loyal to this kind of companies. However, there are also negative effects brought by direct marketing. Firstly, it undoubtedly costs a lot of money, time and human resources. Secondly, companies may not draw any useful conclusions for decision-makers at all if information is processed in a scientific way. Therefore, to make full use of direct marketing, firms must make sufficient preparations. When it comes to the contour design, Nokia appears to be rather conservative and backward. Especially in China, consumers pay a lot of attention to it. Compared with its competition rivals such Motorola and Samsung, Nokia seems stubborn in reaction to market. However, by directing contacts with its consumers and obtaining the relevant information from the Chinese market, Nokia finally produced its freshly designed foldaway mobile phone 7200. However, any one aspect of the communications mix is not enough to guarantee a good marketing. Instead, a successful promotional strategy should adopt the concept of integrated marketing communications widely by coordinating the promotion channels and tools. Through putting together and reinforcing all the images and messages, it constructs a famous brand in public. Integrated marketing communications requires that all the messages, positioning and images, and identity from the corporate are harmonized across all marketing communications venues. Under this concept, to deliver a clear, unchangeable, and convincing message about the organization and its products, the company should be careful to integrate and bring into line its many communications methods. In terms of this aspect, Nokia really excels in. 5 How Culture Affects the Communications Mix of Nestle 5.1 The Introduction of Culture Since 1871 when the founder of cultural anthropology E.B. Taylor put forward the definition of culture in his works Primitive Culture, scholars have raised hundreds of definitions about culture from different perspectives. The definition of culture given by Taylor is that the so-called culture or civilization is an internal integration of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by human beings as community members(Taylor, 1871 ). His view has a deep influence on the later research and has been accepted by many scholars. In the West, the origin of the word culture is cultura in Latin. In English, the very beginning meaning of the word culture referred to agriculture and raising of plants. Since the 15th century, it has been extended to cultivate peoples morals and competences. And culture is also a basic definition in both sociology and anthropology. In broad sense, culture is the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings; in narrow sense, it refers specifically to spiritual wealth including language, literature, art and other ideologies. Based on the analysis above, the thesis adopts the definition of culture in large sense, that is, culture is composed of three aspects: material culture, spiritual culture and behavioral culture. 5.2 How It Affects the Communications Mix of Nokia As an international company, Nokia needs to handle cross-cultural problems and culture plays a significant role in Nokias application of communications mix. Undoubtedly, Nokia is a firm sensitive to cultural differences and adapts varied cultural counter-measures in varied regions. Advertising is the most commonly utilized promotional method. Companies must be very clear who their potential customers are probably to be, make effective contacts with those consumers, and be aware of the relationship between the culture and advertising, i.e. .cultural impacts. Various cultures reaction to communications and messages are quite different. Companies which realize these differences may succeed; those that totally neglect them fail. In Korea, consumers often recommend the suitable and good products to their friends, relatives and workmates. Therefore, the word-of-mouth advertising is very popular: a consumers testimony works more effectively than advertisements on television or in newspaper. In the same way, Chinese are also dependent on this form of communications. The Chinese consumers value and trust their family and this is justified by their purchasing products through their families recommendations. Thus, Nokia have noticed that and put a great emphasis on this i n East Asia. For example, Nokias advertising message is technology is people-oriented. As everyone knows, people-oriented thought is put forward by ancient Chinese two thousand years ago. Therefore, Nokias advertisement is rather successful. It is a typical example of Nokias combination of its own enterprises culture and local culture. Many companies today use marketing public relations to support their marketing departments in corporate/product promotion and image making. The Japanese have little concept of public relations in the American sense. Since the Japanese are very modest and self-effacing, they cannot understand self-promotion. They have little need for corporate public relations. The tendency o f the Japanese conservative and low profile way of doing their business results from many economic and cultural factors. From the ancient times, Japanese society has been comprised of exclusive groups and even within groups there are smaller ones. Each one is cared about its living, obligations, and powers and is generally hostile to the other. Therefore, when Nokia operates its business in Japan, it also adapts the way Japanese companies take and keep a low profile in public relation. Although it still seems to make a better job than Japanese firms. Culture also has a deep influence on Nokias promotion. When Nokia notice that todays youth are passionate for fashion, music and sports, it adapts the concept of youth marketing and cooperates sports and music stars to promote its new product. For example, in China, as Nokia 3230 was a music smart phone, it cooperated with the famous star Wang Lihong and Wang especially wrote a song for publicizing the new phone. 5.3 Recommendations International companies must objectively know and learn the diversity of the culture, turn the cross-cultural awareness to the cross-cultural marketing skills and develop cultural sensitivity (Schwartz, 1981). Culturally sensitive companies understand that differences exist and make corresponding accommodations for them. Advertising is a key tool in international marketing, and it is required to accurately position the product as desired for multinational companies. For an international company like Nokia, firstly, it needs to emphasize one characteristic that caters for local culture. Therefore, in the United States, Nokia should focus on durability and economy; in France, it could be leisure and power; in Germany, utilization; in Mexico, price; and in Venezuela, quality. Secondly, it must be aware of local taboos and idioms when selecting the advertising message. Otherwise, it could be at least embarrassing and even hurt local consumers trust and respect towards Nokia. For example, an advertising campaign used by Pepsi-Cola-Come Alive with Pepsi-translated too literally in some countries. The German translation of come alive became come out of the grave, while in Chinese it read Pepsi brings you ancestors back from the dead. In Spanish, the very word for advertising poses a problem since the corres ponding Spanish word means propaganda, which has other connotations in English. Public relations are designed to promote and/or protect a companys image or its individual products. However, under different cultural background, there are different skills in carrying out it. For example, in China, Nokia needs to focus on such activities as lobbying and counseling-the former aims to improve the relationship with legislators and government officials, and the later, connected with public confidence and loyalty. In this respect, Amway set a good example-through out the seven years after its entry into Chinas market, it has always been concerned with the Chinas children, and it has sponsored nearly one hundred charity campaigns to help these children, such as Chinas Hope Project or Spring Bud Project, through which it obtain sanction from the government and popularity from the citizens. 6 Conclusions It has been proved by many international companies that a good quality of products does not certainly guarantee companies successful sales, and that a proper and wise application of communications mix is indispensible in this respect. Communications mix is essential to help a company maintain its market share and even obtain more, build its good image such as innovation, responsibility and so on, stimulate consumers to buy more products, and also get people to know its new products. However, a firm may be end with a loss if it fails to know positive and negative aspect of each method and choose the right one or ones in the right time and in the right place. Especially when the firm selects more than one method, it needs to make sure that all these methods are to convey a consistent, clear message about its image and products. If it fails to do so, consumers can get confused and therefore, there be will no loyalty customers. Besides, culture has a substantial influence on communicatio ns mix. For those companies which are not sensitive to cultural differences, they cannot obtain the result they have expected by using communications mix in better and even worsen their selling. The international company Nokias leading role in mobile phone market tells us that a successful is the result of the combination of a good quality of product and of proper using of marketing strategy.

Union Bank Of India

Union Bank Of India INTRODUCTION: Union Bank Of India Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, inaugrated the Union Bank Of India on November 11, 1919. It covers all the sectors of the society, be it agriculture, industry, trade and commerce, services or infrastructure, the bank plays a major role in rendering services to the financial needs of every section. Apart from this, the bank also extended financial support to educational, housing and trade sector. In 1947, the bank had only 4 branches which include 3 in Mumbai and 1 in Saurashtra. The bank was nationalised in 1969 and at time of nationalisation the bank had total 240 branches all over India. In June 2000, Union Bank acquired Bank of America’s highly profitable operations in Pakistan and went on to become one of the largest private commercial banks. The acquisition added a new dimension to Union Bank’s business and enhanced its customer base, deposits, and loan portfolio quality. This acquisition also enhanced Union Bank’s corporate image in the domestic financial market. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OFFERED BY UNION BANK: Deposits Account: Cumulative Deposit Scheme Deposit Reinvestment Certificate Union Flexi-Deposit Union Insured Recurring Deposit Union 94 Months Double Scheme Monthly Income Scheme Tax Exemption Deposits Union Float Deposits Union Unfixed Deposits For NRI FCNR (B) Foreign Currency Deposit RFC Customer Relationship Management CRM (customer relationship management) is an information industry term for methodologies, software, and usually Internet capabilities that help an enterprise manage customer relationships in an organized way. It happens by maintaining and updating the contacts of customer. This is for the: 1. Existing customers 2. Prospective customers For example, an enterprise might build a databaseabout its customers that described relationships in sufficient detail so that management, salespeople, people providing service, and perhaps the customer directly could access information, match customer needs with product plans and offerings, remind customers of service requirements, know what other products a customer had purchased, and so forth. It consists of the following: Helping an enterprise to enable its marketing departments to identify and target their best customers, manage marketing campaigns and generate quality leads for the sales team. Assessing the organization to improve telesales, account, and sales management by optimizing information shared by multiple employees, and streamlining existing processes (for example, taking orders using mobile devices) Allowing the formation of individualized relationships with customers, with the aim of improving customer satisfaction and maximizing profits; identifying the most profitable customers and providing them the highest level of service. Providing employees with the information and processes necessary to know their customers, understand and identify customer needs and effectively build relationships between the company, its customer base, and distribution partners. CRM Strategies Adopted By Union Bank of India Nowadays, many businesses such as banks, insurance companies, and other service providers realize the importance of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and its potential to help them acquire new customers retain existing ones and maximize their lifetime value. At this point, close relationship with customers will require a strong coordination between IT and marketing departments to provide a long-term retention of selected customers. Union Bank aims to increase customer profitability with any customer retention. It is a sound business strategy to identify the banks most profitable customers and prospects, and devotes time and attention to expanding account relationships with those customers through individualized marketing, pricing, discretionary decision making. According to Union Bank of India having and acting upon deeper knowledge about the customer, ensure that the customer such as how to fund the customer, get to know the customer, keep in tough with the customer, ensure that the customer gets what he wishes from service provider and understand when they are not satisfied and might leave the service provider and act accordingly. Union Bank of India has a database of its customers and informs them about the various schemes offered by the bank. The bank has a suggestion box in which customers of the bank can give their views and suggestions. The bank also has a helping desk where the customers can ask their queries. This is a very good strategy to retain the customer. The bank provides the information to its customers about any change in the interest rate of advances. They attend all the customers who are present in the bank, so that they do not feel neglected and not switch to any other bank. CRM Strategy of Public Sector Banks Public sector CRM strategy must be aligned to the organization’s purpose in order to realize a sustained achievement of CRM objectives and successful customer relationships. While CRM strategies differ among implementers, the most successful strategies have several criteria in common. Alignment between the organization’s mission and the CRM strategy; a good strategy is a direct reflection of the mission and supports the mission in direct, clear and easy to understand terms. Strategies must be customer focused; they speak to the positioning and evolvement of the customer relationship. CRM strategies require executive sponsorship and complete buy in; the rank and file take their queues from the executive team so the executives must visibly, vocally and actively sponsor the CRM strategy for it to be successful. Strategies are an iterative process; as the the organization evolves so to will the CRM strategy. They mainly focus on the following: To win back or save customers To attract new and potential customers To create loyalty among existing customers and To up sell or offer cross services. CONCLUSION CRM in banking industry entirely different from other sectors, because banking industry purely related to financial services, which needs to create the trust among the people. Establishing customer care support during on and off official hours, making timely information about interest payments, maturity of time deposit, issuing credit and debit cum ATM card, creating awareness regarding online and e-banking, adopting mobile request etc are required to keep regular relationship with customers. The present day CRM includes developing customer base. The bank has to pay adequate attention to increase customer base by all means, it is possible if the performance is at satisfactory level, the existing clients can recommend others to have banking connection with the bank he is operating. Hence asking reference from the existing customers can develop their client base. If the base increased, the profitability is also increase. Hence the bank has to implement lot of innovative CRM to capture and retain the customers.There is a shift from bank centric activities to customer centric activities are opted. The private sector banks in India deployed much innovative strategies to attract new customers and to retain existing customers. CRM in banking sector is still in evolutionary stage, it is the time for taking ideas from customers to enrich its service. The use of CRM in banking has gained importance with the aggressive strategies for customer acquisition and retention being employed by the bank in todays competitive milieu. This has resulted in the adoption of various CRM initiatives by these banks. Private Sector Banks have been able to implement the CRM practices more effectively as compared to the Public Sector on the basis of of the service quality level being provided by these banks.

Essay --

The bestselling novel To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee is about a racist southern community in Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930s. At that time, southern states were still racially segregated. Harper Lee constructs her book by teaching all her readers about human standards. By presenting the good and bad in people. A major theme of this novel is the humankind’s inhumanity toward the humankind. One character that is treated terribly was Boo Radley. Boo Radley is a very obscure character in To Kill a Mockingbird. Not only does the whole community treat him terrible, so does his whole family. Boo Radley’s father is the number one victim to treat Boo Radley terrible. Boo was going to be locked in jail for some trouble he got in when he was a teenager. Boo’s father wanted the punishment in his hands and locked Boo into the house till he was an adult. Boo’s father thinks of Boo as a disgrace to their family. Boo stabbed his father in the leg with scissors with all his hatred in him. Boo’s father was always a very cruel man. Another character that treated Boo terrible is his brother, Nathan Radley. Boo always communicates with the children, Jem and Scout, by the knothole of a tree. Nathan noticed that Boo was giving the children gifts, so he filled the knothole of the tree with cement. Boo has never communicated with anyone for almost 15 years, and Nathan prevented Boo’s chance to ever talk to someone and be friends with. Boo was treated terribly by the children also. The children thought Boo was a scary person. Every time they came to a path where Boo was located they would always be frightened by the rumors they heard about him. \:Boo was about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels ... ...ayella’s father sees Tom, Mayella insists that Tom raped her. She did a horrible thing and blamed Tom. Tom did all her chores for free of charge, and Mayella ruined his life by blaming Tom for something he did not do. Mrs. Merriweather is part of a missionary circle. It’s a group of Christian women who are determined to help people suffering poor countries. They complain about her black servants, that they don’t work hard or deserve their pay. They only pay little amount to their servants. They do not perform their Christian attitude toward other people. This makes them an hypocrite because they make people believe that they are perfect Christians. Harper Lee teaches her readers something. It demonstrated the good and bad in people. She shows the readers how racist people could be so cruel. This novel showed how humankind’s inhumanity toward the humankinds.

Free Hamlet Essays: The Foils :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Foils of Hamlet  Ã‚   Hamlet is a play about a young man who is seeking revenge for his father's death. In the process of doing so, different things happen and it becomes more and more of a complex plot. Throughout the play, we are introduced to many different foils. One of which is Laertes. Shakespeare chooses to portray Hamlet and Laertes differently although they are both so similar. Hamlet and Laertes are all in basically the same position. Both of their fathers have been killed and they are both looking to avenge those fathers' deaths. However, we see when we are reading that some characters are set up so that they gain more sympathy and such than others from the reader. For example, Shakespeare makes Laertes look like a "bad guy" because he wants to kill Hamlet but in essence, Hamlet is doing the same exact thing to Claudius. It is as if Shakespeare is saying that it is okay for Hamlet to kill but it isn't ok for Laertes to feel the need for revenge. Hamlet begins a soliloquy with the line, "How all occasions do inform against me and spur my dull revenge!" (Act IV, sc. IV, li. 32-33) It is like Shakespeare is trying to make it look like it is such a shame the Hamlet's plans aren't working out so well and that he isn't as stable as he wants to be. It is almost like Shakespeare wants to reader to take pity on Hamlet who is not such a genuine person. He has killed Polonius and some say he has killed Ophelia. Should people really pity him because his plans to kill his uncle aren't falling correctly into place? Shakespeare is almost trying to get the reader to do so. On the other hand, there is Laertes who is Hamlet's position. His father was killed, actually by Hamlet, and he is out to avenge that death. He is furious and passionate about it just like Hamlet is but it almost seems that when one is reading the play, they should think of Laertes as a "bad guy" and as the antagonist. Laertes says "It warms the very sickness in my heart that I shall live and tell him to his teeth, "thus did'st thou." (Act. IV sc.VII. li. 55-57) He is basically saying that he would make him so happy to kill Hamlet and to show his what he really did.

American Colonists Essay -- American History Religion Essays

American Colonists You wil be amazed to learn that which has been occurring in the American colonies. Chaos reigns where once there existed reverence; rage has displaced peace. Some wick ed force has corrupted the colonists’ hearts against their own king and, therefore, against their own best interests as wel. Moreover, the fuel for this sinful fire, in a large part, emerges from a tiny pamphlet, writen anonymously – and for this and li tle else, I give its author credit for inteligence. If identified, I imagine that this traitor would suffer greatly for the outrageous views he presents in Common Sense, which strikes me as anything but common sense. My first objection to this dreadful work of literature is its blatant misuse of the Biblical reference to Samuel in the atempt to support its groundless claims. Granted, kings impose upon their subjects the danger of succumbing to idolatry – only, of course, if the people seek aid from their king rather than from God. Such horrific temptation would surely justify the colonists’ cause. However, by comparing the colonists’ present situation to that of the Israelites, the author has made a serious blunder. As God’s chosen people, partakers of His original covenant, which rested upon obeying the Commandments, the Israelites commited an atrocious sin by asking for a human ruler rather than relying upon their God, who lived among them. Mankind now, by the Lord’s second covenant, stands upon the grace and salvation offered in Christ Jesus. The law stil applies, but under different circumstances, thus rendering it acceptable to live beneath the rule of a hu man king, so long as the heart and soul depend solely upon the King of kings. In addit ion, the coloquial language offends any... ...r litle about such things. What the author lacks in scriptural wisdom, therefore, he compensates for in more worldly knowledge; for this, some credit must be due. Third, granted, when viewed with detachment, an island ruling a continent over such a prolonged expanse of ocean does appear quite ridiculous. However, t here exist bonds between the colonists and the European nations, from which they claim their heritage, that surpass al distances and circumstances. I am therefore inclined to conclude that either the colonists have gone completely mad over the last centu ry and a half, or circumstances have changed to such an extent that I can no longer deem my former home recognizable. In the former case, let my statements remain as they stand. In the later, alow me to stand corrected in accordance to the present circ umstances and condition of the American colonists. American Colonists Essay -- American History Religion Essays American Colonists You wil be amazed to learn that which has been occurring in the American colonies. Chaos reigns where once there existed reverence; rage has displaced peace. Some wick ed force has corrupted the colonists’ hearts against their own king and, therefore, against their own best interests as wel. Moreover, the fuel for this sinful fire, in a large part, emerges from a tiny pamphlet, writen anonymously – and for this and li tle else, I give its author credit for inteligence. If identified, I imagine that this traitor would suffer greatly for the outrageous views he presents in Common Sense, which strikes me as anything but common sense. My first objection to this dreadful work of literature is its blatant misuse of the Biblical reference to Samuel in the atempt to support its groundless claims. Granted, kings impose upon their subjects the danger of succumbing to idolatry – only, of course, if the people seek aid from their king rather than from God. Such horrific temptation would surely justify the colonists’ cause. However, by comparing the colonists’ present situation to that of the Israelites, the author has made a serious blunder. As God’s chosen people, partakers of His original covenant, which rested upon obeying the Commandments, the Israelites commited an atrocious sin by asking for a human ruler rather than relying upon their God, who lived among them. Mankind now, by the Lord’s second covenant, stands upon the grace and salvation offered in Christ Jesus. The law stil applies, but under different circumstances, thus rendering it acceptable to live beneath the rule of a hu man king, so long as the heart and soul depend solely upon the King of kings. In addit ion, the coloquial language offends any... ...r litle about such things. What the author lacks in scriptural wisdom, therefore, he compensates for in more worldly knowledge; for this, some credit must be due. Third, granted, when viewed with detachment, an island ruling a continent over such a prolonged expanse of ocean does appear quite ridiculous. However, t here exist bonds between the colonists and the European nations, from which they claim their heritage, that surpass al distances and circumstances. I am therefore inclined to conclude that either the colonists have gone completely mad over the last centu ry and a half, or circumstances have changed to such an extent that I can no longer deem my former home recognizable. In the former case, let my statements remain as they stand. In the later, alow me to stand corrected in accordance to the present circ umstances and condition of the American colonists.

Human Use of Animals

Human Use of Animals: Summary and Critique Charles Hall Ivy Bridge College In his interviews with both The Open University and The Colbert Report, Dr. Peter Singer discusses the unethical human use of animals. Most of his claims are highly controversial and are not taken well by most people. Human Use of Animals: Summary and Critique The use of animals in modern civilization has been a controversial subject for the past few decades.Author and Philosopher Peter Singer has made his standpoint clear on this particular subject. In his interviews with The Open University and Stephen Colbert he explains why he believes in what he does and gives his reasoning behind it. Singer’s idea of what defines a person is, â€Å"a person is someone who is aware of their own existence over time, and who is aware enough to realize that they are the same being who lived previously and who can expect to keep living into the future. (Singer 2008) he goes on to give details of what constitutes perso nhood by stating that infants are not persons because they have not yet become self-aware, but a chimpanzee is a person because it can recognize itself in a mirror. He also states that humans with severe brain damage or someone who is intellectually impaired may have once been a person but is no longer a person. Dr.Singer believes that this is an important argument to the wrongness of killing as he clearly states, â€Å"I do think the idea of a being who can envisage his or her own future is morally significant, because if you compare the wrongness of killing a being who is capable of having some anticipation of the future, some desires for the future, perhaps even some projects to complete in the future, and you kill such a person who wants to go on living, you’re doing something wrong to that person which is something you’re not doing if you kill a being who is fully not a person and who can have no wishes or hopes for the future, and therefore you can’t cut off or thwart or frustrate those wishes for the future. So I think the concept of the person points to something that is relevant in the specific context of the wrongness of killing. † (Singer 2008) I disagree wholeheartedly with nearly all of his statements.He seems to state that in a life threatening situation he would put the interests of a chimpanzee before he would a new-born child, when as far as he knows the human child could grow up to be a great leader or scientist, but just because that child is not yet aware that it is not a person and therefore is not as important as the chimpanzee. Singer states that, â€Å"a person is someone who is capable of suffering and therefore it would be wrong to kill them. † If an infant is not a person and therefore is not capable of suffering, then why do they scream and cry when they are injured? Dr. Singer also states his view on the consumption of meat, saying that â€Å"Someone that eats meat is a speciesist because they do not take into account the feelings of the animal which they are eating. (Singer 2008) Could we not say that every species on this planet is the same way? Wolves do not eat other wolves, though they kill prey animals like deer. Does the wolf think about the deer not living anymore? Of course it does not. The wolf is designed to kill other animals to survive. Human beings may not possess the natural tools for hunting but we evolved to a point where we could make our own tools for that job. One could also argue that human beings are natural omnivores, which means that we evolved to eat plants as well as meat. From the archeological records, humans have been omnivorous as far back as science can tell. As soon as the domestication of food sources began, meat was part of humanity’s diet.Our teeth are designed to eat multiple types of food, and our digestive system has enzymes to break down meat that herbivores do not have. Dr. Singer give his view on why we treat animals different ly than human beings. â€Å"The point about speciesism is that we give less weight to the interests of beings who are not members of our species, simply because they are not members of our species; not looking at their individual characteristics, not looking at their capacities, or what’s good for them, or bad for them. But we just say, ‘well they’re not members of the species Homo sapiens, therefore we can use them for our purposes, for our own ends, we don’t have to treat them as if their ends mattered. Whereas if we have a human being, no matter what the mental level of that human being, that human being’s life is sacred, we must respect the dignity of that human being and so on. That’s speciesism, to just take the species in itself as determinative of moral status. † (Singer 2008) It is only natural to look out for the well-being of other members of our species before we think about the well-being of a member of another species. Wo uld you not save a human that is drowning before you tried to save a cow? In his interview with Stephen Colbert, Dr. Singer discusses the rights that animals should have. He talks about how we â€Å"imprison chimpanzees without trial but we do not do the same to humans without proper cause, in most cases. (Singer 2006) When you look at the fact that a Chimpanzee, even a small one is ten times stronger than a human being why would we just allow them to run free around our cities. Could you imagine going to the mall and having a rowdy group of chimpanzees running around the food court? Also, what if animals, which have no understanding of humanity, much less, politics are given the right to vote. That idea in itself is absurd because there are no other creatures on this planet mentally capable of voting in a civilized way other than humans. In Conclusion I would like to say that while I may not agree with Dr. Singer on his ideas of what constitute personhood, I am an animal lover and I do not wish for any animals to be mistreated.I grew up on a farm where we raised cattle, pigs, and chickens. I grew to care for some of these animals. I was also raised to believe that it was only natural for these animals to become food for my family. Humanity has raised, and cared for animals since ancient times. It is one of the things that defines us as a species. Hunting and gathering is encoded in the DNA of the species Homo sapiens. Why would we stop doing something that has been done for millennia? The ethics of the human use of animals is a question that only came to light in the past 100 or so years. What sparked that idea that animals should have the same rights as an intellectual human being?Our minds and the ability to ask the question why is what makes us persons, not just the fact that we can feel pain. The same question why, is what could inevitably be what destroys us as a civilization before all is said and done. References Singer. (Writer) (2008, January 28). H uman use of animals. Ethics Bites. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www. open. edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/human-use-animals Singer, P. S. (2006). Peter singer [Television series episode]. In Colbert, S. (Executive Producer), the Colbert report. New York, NY: Comedy Central. Retrieved from http://www. colbertnation. com/the-colbert-report-videos/79412/december-11-2006/peter-singer

The Video Game Industry

Abstract This research paper will cover the different aspects of project management in video game development. Focus will also be on discussing and overviewing the project lifecycles as it pertains to game development. There is also interest in seeing within the realm of video game development how the application of knowledge, various skills, tools, and the techniques are used. The will also be focus on examining pre-production, production and post production in the gaming industry. Topics will explore issues pertaining to, but not limited to, stakeholder expectations, timeliness of implementation, and optimization of resources. Additionally, information will be given covering the concepts of meeting the needs of business's vision and mission regarding development and exploring how the identification of and addressing any issues that may arise in game project development.? Introduction The video game industry has been steadily growing for over almost four decades. From Nintendo to Sony, there have been a myriad of games that have been made for the platform over the course of the video game industry. The initial commercial history of video games and the birth of this industry inevitably begins with the US military's computer hardware and networks. At the time, infrastructure was beginning to shift towards facilitating both game development and market consumption. Over the course of almost four decades, many games have been made, but the question is, exactly how are these spectacular pieces of art being made. When people buy video games, their focus is not on the people who actually make the product, or even on the process it takes to create the game that they own. Consumers only see the end product that is distributed and hit store shelves. For most, their energies and focus are on purchasing the product and investing in actual game play. However, the process and ma n power it takes to create a game is an intricate undertaking. It is stated that the intricacy of modern video games requires workers with varied skill sets such as computer engineers and programmers, visual artists, audio engineers, animators, game designers, writers, and quality assurance testers (Weststar, 2015). For starters the biggest component to game development are video game developers (VGDs) (Weststar, 2015). Additionally, these projects can consist of a producer and studios have a range of upper managers and administrative personnel. Weststar stated that with project-based model the outputs of each new game are unique. In turn the environment is complex and uncertain. Coordination among project members is rooted in diffuse and informal power relationships in relation to their roles as it pertains to those that direct the work and those who perform it (Weststar, 2015). Thusly, with the consumer, the process of making video games is a non-factor, largely an unknown, and rarely registers in the thoughts in most people's minds. Many again just see the end product, of which is what is their main motivating factor of going to a retail store and purchasing it. However, there is a select pocket of individuals who are more cognizant of the game development process and they are more greatly invested. For this segment, they faithfully follow their favorite game, or for some developer, and will be a ware the specifics from the announcement of the game and will stay engaged until the game goes gold. This is, going gold, that the game is finished and ready to be put on a disc and distributed. The creation of each video game is a project with a well-defined production cycle of pre-production, production, and post-production phases of which reach require different and various resources (Weststar, 2015). HistoryBefore one can actually delve it the game development process, it is important to have some background understanding on the development of the gaming industry. Nolan Bushnell is credited as the pioneer of the worldwide commercial video game industry. Bushnell was the founder of Atari and is responsible for generations of home and arcade gaming hardware and software including the truly influential game, Pong (Grantham ; Readman, 2006). Arcades games were very popular and peaked in the early 1980s. As time progressed and newer technologies burst onto the market most titles were converted to play on the evolving home technology – home computers and consoles (Grantham ; Readman, 2006). It was also during this time of change and development, many independent develop ers and publishers started to emerge. One of the most noted and widely known, Activision for example, was founded by former Atari developers seeking greater ownership and control over their developments (Grantham ; Readman, 2006). Over time people have come to recognize software games as new and very popular mode of entertainment and an important application of technology. This outlook has become increasingly accepted and by people of all ages. In today's culture, technology is easily accessible and has become more convenient. In turn more and more people like to play games and are also becoming motivated to design their own games. Also, software games are gaining importance because they are not only used for entertainment, but also for serious purposes that can be applicable to different domains such as education, business, and health care (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, & Ahmed, 2016). Game Development ProcessPre-productionAs with any industry as it relates to project development, within the gaming industry, pre-production is the beginning phase of the life of a game, the project. It is during this phase that developers/project managers determine how long will it take to game to make, the personnel needed, and the budget needed to make the proposed project. During pre-production it is paramount that very specific goals are fleshed out of which will be essential to a successful project. Walfiz, Zackariasson and Wilson pointed out that certain elements are fundamental to projects: commitment to timing, staying within a budget, and producing an output (Zackariasson, Walfisz, & Wilson, 2006). Also, it is important to note that, these fundamentals are developed before the project starts, and thus commit both parties to specific activities/objectives. Drew Liming and Dennis Vilorio states that in the pre-production phase, the lead designers outline a game concept with the help of lead artists and programmers (Liming & Vilorio, 2011). Additionally, it is at this time that the lead designers might select special feature(s), such as an innovative gameplay element, or powerful graphics, that will make the game unique (Liming & Vilorio, 2011). It was also pointed out that when the game finally receives the funding needed, programmers begin building its technological framework (Liming & Vilorio, 2011). Pre-production considerations tends to produce a hierarchy of plans that guide the project and the pre-production phase is instrumental in producing the basis on which to build the game (Zackariasson, Walfisz, & Wilson, 2006). The over-ridding goal of pre-production is essentially to create a game plan that will be the road map in which the player(s) will finish the game. The game plan must include information of the game concept, the unique feature(s), the constraints that affect this concept, and analyzing risk assessment.Risk management is a necessary aspect of game project development. Alem, Carpatz and Ahmed states that the importance of risk management is essential for the efficiency of game development. Thusly this is often the focus for project management (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, & Ahmed, 2016). Alem, Carpatz and Ahmed also state, that it is with the upmost importance to identify risk factors early in the game development process (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, & Ahmed, 2016). During game development, the project manager is the game's producer and must bring together management, the technical components, and the appealing aspects to create a successful video game. They also identified two risk factors that must be addressed during this development process: failure of development strategy and absence of the fun factor (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, ; Ahmed, 2016). Additionally, it is important to realize that in game development, other important risk factors can have an impact such as the development strategy, the fun factor or extent of originality, scheduling, and budgeting. With these, there will always be some level of â€Å"the unknown† when addressing risk factors. Taking time early on to identify risks is paramount as there will always be unforeseen issues in a project. Working to minimize as many issues initially will decrease unadvantageous developments later in the project development/production cycle. Thus, efficient work done during pre-production will work to minimize or even eliminate unforeseen issues. Production Now that the risks, personnel, and assets are identified, for the project, it can now to enter the production phase. Thusly, the completion of the prototype signals the start of the production phase of development (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). During the production phase the project team can now move forth with focusing on the cusp of the project work. Energies can now finally be channeled towards actual development of the game. It is importance to note that certain aspects of the work can be initiated during pre-production. Thus, there can be at times, some objectives running concurrent and simultaneously with those that are just commencing. Even though the project team is in full stride during this phase, and most of the ideas are being carried out, some new plans can happen that may have an impact and thus alter work. For starters, assets can be added or even removed at this point. Accordingly, with these alterations, it is important that changes are accurately noted and are effectively communicated to the project team, the developer, studio upper management, and the publisher. Making such changes are crucial and essential and must be relayed in a timely manner. It is imperative that during development, the project document continues to remain as a point of reference for the entire project team. As pointed out by Liming and Vilorio, during the production phase, teams of designers, artists, and programmers use the project document as a guide to ensure efficient game creation (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). When the plan is communicated to the project team, it is the role of the project manager to remain vigilant on keeping the plan up to date. Ensuring that there is sound communication and a streamlined vision/design, will allow the project teams to collaborate to make the most of each other's expertise (Liming & Vilorio, 2011). There is feedback during production that helps the project team revise the document as needed. For instance, feedback might encompass how to improve a game's mechanics, or more so, remove an unfeasible feature (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Throughout production, developers continually build improved versions of the game. This allows for the creation of more content that is better looking, more streamlined within a design, and thus is more refined (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Liming and Viliorio also went on further to state that the conclusion of the production phase is that the fully playable game includes art, music, and sound effects. This milestone is referred to as â€Å"content complete.† (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011).Post production Production ends when the developer and publisher agree that no more features are needed; thus, no features are added during post-production. Instead, the main goal of this phase is to finalize software quality. The post-production phase starts at least three months before the end-of-project deadline. During post-production the focus is on playing the game to test for errors, called bugs, and on tweaking it to eliminate unwanted elements (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Post-production is key for the game develop process as quality assurance and process validation are critical components. The quality assurance staff tests the game by playing it and attempting to do things the development staff never considered (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). It is during this time that such things as bugs and compatibility issues are fixed. Additionally, work will be done to ensure that all coding is optimized. Process validation plays an important role in assessing game quality. Also, during this phase, the development process as a whole is analyzed. Collection and evaluation of process data from the pre-production phase through to the post-production phase can provide evidence that the overall development process produces a good-quality game. Congruously, analysis can depict either product errors, in-complement coding, or that the final product does not measure up to expectations. It is known, as the game testers find bugs, they document the errors and assign them to a programmer, designer, or artist to be addressed and fixed (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Efficiently identifying and correcting issues is essential for the game roll-out deadline. Additionally, the developer may sometime want the game put into consumer hands before official release. Such instances could be in the form of advance releases, or advance copies for select consumer testing and gameplay which is a marketing strategy in gaming. Developers also use beta testing. Beta testing in games is used to gage overall game functionality using external testers or a select segment of identified consumers (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, ; Ahmed, 2016). Beta testing is a kind of first public release for testing purposes by users. Game publishers often find it effective because bugs are identified by users that were missed during the in-house testing process (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, ; Ahmed, 2016). Dealing with bugs and tweaks can make postproduction time-consuming. Thus, the process may take as long as production, especially for more complex games that have bigger budgets (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Conclusion The video game industry has grown tremendously over the last four decades. From Nintendo to Sony, a plethora of games have been made over the course of the video game industry. Games, the end-products, are the results of the efforts of many. The process of video game development is an intricate undertaking. The production cycle encompasses a myriad of derivatives which adhere to pre-production, production, and post-prediction phases. During the entire production cycle of a game key players such as computer engineers and programmers, visual artists, audio engineers, animators, game designers, writers, and quality assurance testers are involved. The pre-production phase helps lay out the groundwork and plan that will be followed as the game develops. During pre-production specific goals are fleshed out and key fundamental elements to the project are identified. It also during this phase that focus is on working to minimize as many issues initially. This works to decrease unneeded or potentially negatively impacting developments later in the project development/production cycle. During the production phase the project team's main focus is on the actual creation of the game. It is during the production phase that new plans can happen which can have impact and alter work. A project document is used to ensure efficient game development and thus the project manager must ensure that the plan is up to date. Additionally, the project manager will work to ensure that there is sound communication for the entire team. When the game has entered post-production, the focus is on playing the game to test for errors and other unwanted elements. There is a lot of focus on quality assurance. Within the gaming industry, testing can be done both in-house and the use of a select segment of consumer beta testers. Though most consumers only see the end product that is distributed and hit store shelves, there is a lot that has happened to ensure that the they will have a quality game playing experiences. Additionally, there is a select pocket of consumers who are more engaged development process and have a greater apperception for the game development process. Overall there is a great deal that transpires in the development of a game. From stakeholder expectations to timeliness of implementation, a lot of resources have been invested to create that end-product game. Understanding the life of a game through the lens of game development production cycle helps to foster a heightened appreciation for the final pro duct.